Integer x=2;	// 装箱
int y=x;			// 拆箱

Integer x = new Integer(21);
Integer y = new Integer(21);
System.out.println(x == y);	// false
Integer m = Integer.valueOf(21);
Integer n = Integer.valueOf(21);
System.out.println(m == n);	// true

public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
  if(i >= IngegerCache.low && i <= Integer.high){
    return IntegerCache[i + (-IngegerCache.low)];
  }
  return new Integer(i);
}

Integer m = 123;
Integer n = 123;
System.out.println(m == n); // true

String s1 = new String("aaa");
String s2 = new String("aaa");
System.out.println(s1 == s2);           // false
String s3 = s1.intern();
System.out.println(s1.intern() == s3);  // true

String s4 = "bbb";
String s5 = "bbb";
System.out.println(s4 == s5);  // true

public class Dog {
    String name;

    Dog(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    String getName() {
        return this.name;
    }

    void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    String getObjectAddress() {
        return super.toString();
    }
}

public class PassByValueExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dog dog = new Dog("A");
        System.out.println(dog.getObjectAddress()); // Dog@4554617c
        func(dog);
        System.out.println(dog.getObjectAddress()); // Dog@4554617c
        System.out.println(dog.getName());          // A
    }

    private static void func(Dog dog) {
        System.out.println(dog.getObjectAddress()); // Dog@4554617c
        dog = new Dog("B");
        System.out.println(dog.getObjectAddress()); // Dog@74a14482
        System.out.println(dog.getName());          // B
    }
}

class PassByValueExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dog dog = new Dog("A");
        func(dog);
        System.out.println(dog.getName());          // B
    }

    private static void func(Dog dog) {
        dog.setName("B");
    }
}

float f = 1.1;  // error
float m = 1.1f; // right

short s1 = 1;
// s1 = s1 + 1;

s1 += 1;

s1 = (short) (s1 + 1);

public final native Class<?> getClass()

public native int hashCode()

public boolean equals(Object obj)

protected native Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

public String toString()

public final native void notify()

public final native void notifyAll()

public final native void wait(long timeout) throws InterruptedException

public final void wait(long timeout, int nanos) throws InterruptedException

public final void wait() throws InterruptedException

protected void finalize() throws Throwable {}

public class EqualExample {
    private int x;
    private int y;
    private int z;

    public EqualExample(int x, int y, int z) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.z = z;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;

        EqualExample that = (EqualExample) o;

        if (x != that.x) return false;
        if (y != that.y) return false;
        return z == that.z;
    }
}

@Override
public int hashCode() {
    int result = 17;
    result = 31 * result + x;
    result = 31 * result + y;
    result = 31 * result + z;
    return result;
}

public class CloneExample {
  private int a;
  private int b;
  
  @Override
  protected CloneExample clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
    return (CloneExample)super.clone();
  }
}

CloneExample e1 = new CloneExample();
CloneExample e2 = e1.clone(); // will throw: CloneNotSupportedException

// 像上面一样实现 Cloneable 接口并重写 clone 方法
ShallowCloneExample e1 = new ShallowCloneExample();
ShallowCloneExample e2 = e1.clone();

e2.setValue(11);
assert e1.getValue() == 11; // true

public class DeepCloneExample implements Cloneable {
  private int[] arr;
  
  @Override
  protected DeepCloneExample clone() throws CloneNotSupportException {
    DeepCloneExample cloned = (DeepCloneExample) super.clone();
    result.arr = new int[arr.length];
    for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
      cloned.arr[i]=arr[i];
    }
    return cloned;
  }
}

public class CloneConstructorExample {
    private int[] arr;

    public CloneConstructorExample() {
        arr = new int[10];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            arr[i] = i;
        }
    }

    public CloneConstructorExample(CloneConstructorExample original) {
        arr = new int[original.arr.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < original.arr.length; i++) {
            arr[i] = original.arr[i];
        }
    }

    public void set(int index, int value) {
        arr[index] = value;
    }

    public int get(int index) {
        return arr[index];
    }
}

import static com.xxx.ClassName.*;

class Point<T> {
  private T var;
  
  public T getVar() {
    return var;
  }
  
  public void setVar(T var){
    this.var = var;
  }
}

Point<String> point = new Point<>();
pioint.setVar("value");

interface Info<T> {
  T getVar();
}

class InfoImpl<T> implements Info<T> {
  private T var;
}

class Caster {
  public static <T> T castAs(Class<T> clazz, Object value) {
    return clazz.cast(value);
  }
}

ArrayList<String> list1 = new ArrayList(); //第一种 情况
ArrayList list2 = new ArrayList<String>(); //第二种 情况

ArrayList<String> list1 = new ArrayList(); 
list1.add("1"); //编译通过
list1.add(1); //编译错误  
String str1 = list1.get(0); //返回类型就是String 

ArrayList list2 = new ArrayList<String>();
list2.add("1"); //编译通过
ist2.add(1); //编译通过 
Object object = list2.get(0); //返回类型就是Object

new ArrayList<String>().add("11"); //编译通过
new ArrayList<String>().add(22); //编译错误

String str2 = new ArrayList<String>().get(0); //返回类型就是String

class Pair<T> {  

    private T value;  

    public T getValue() {  
        return value;  
    }  

    public void setValue(T value) {  
        this.value = value;  
    }  
}

class DateInter extends Pair<Date> {  

    @Override  
    public void setValue(Date value) {  
        super.setValue(value);  
    }  

    @Override  
    public Date getValue() {  
        return super.getValue();  
    }  
}

class Pair {  
    private Object value;  

    public Object getValue() {  
        return value;  
    }  

    public void setValue(Object  value) {  
        this.value = value;  
    }  
} 

@Override  
public void setValue(Date value) {  
    super.setValue(value);  
}  
@Override  
public Date getValue() {  
    return super.getValue();  
}

DateInter dateInter = new DateInter();  
dateInter.setValue(new Date());                  
dateInter.setValue(new Object()); //编译错误

class Pair {  
    private Date value;  
    public Date getValue() {  
        return value;  
    }  
    public void setValue(Date value) {  
        this.value = value;  
    }  
}

class com.tao.test.DateInter extends com.tao.test.Pair<java.util.Date> {  
  com.tao.test.DateInter();  
    Code:  
       0: aload_0  
       1: invokespecial #8                  // Method com/tao/test/Pair."<init>":()V  
       4: return  

  public void setValue(java.util.Date);  //我们重写的setValue方法  
    Code:  
       0: aload_0  
       1: aload_1  
       2: invokespecial #16                 // Method com/tao/test/Pair.setValue:(Ljava/lang/Object;)V  
       5: return  

  public java.util.Date getValue();    //我们重写的getValue方法  
    Code:  
       0: aload_0  
       1: invokespecial #23                 // Method com/tao/test/Pair.getValue:()Ljava/lang/Object;  
       4: checkcast     #26                 // class java/util/Date  
       7: areturn  

  public java.lang.Object getValue();     //编译时由编译器生成的巧方法  
    Code:  
       0: aload_0  
       1: invokevirtual #28                 // Method getValue:()Ljava/util/Date 去调用我们重写的getValue方法;  
       4: areturn  

  public void setValue(java.lang.Object);   //编译时由编译器生成的巧方法  
    Code:  
       0: aload_0  
       1: aload_1  
       2: checkcast     #26                 // class java/util/Date  
       5: invokevirtual #30                 // Method setValue:(Ljava/util/Date; 去调用我们重写的setValue方法)V  
       8: return  
}

T t = new T();

List<String>[] lsa = new List<String>[10]; // Not really allowed.
Object o = lsa;
Object[] oa = (Object[]) o;
List<Integer> li = new ArrayList<Integer>();
li.add(new Integer(3));
oa[1] = li; // Unsound, but passes run time store check
String s = lsa[1].get(0); // Run-time error ClassCastException.

List<?>[] lsa = new List<?>[10]; // OK, array of unbounded wildcard type.
Object o = lsa;
Object[] oa = (Object[]) o;
List<Integer> li = new ArrayList<Integer>();
li.add(new Integer(3));
oa[1] = li; // Correct.
Integer i = (Integer) lsa[1].get(0); // OK

public class ArrayWithTypeToken<T> {
    private T[] array;

    public ArrayWithTypeToken(Class<T> type, int size) {
        array = (T[]) Array.newInstance(type, size);
    }

    public void put(int index, T item) {
        array[index] = item;
    }

    public T get(int index) {
        return array[index];
    }

    public T[] create() {
        return array;
    }
}
//...

ArrayWithTypeToken<Integer> arrayToken = new ArrayWithTypeToken<Integer>(Integer.class, 100);
Integer[] array = arrayToken.create();

public class Test<T> {    
    public static T one;   //编译错误    
    public static T show(T one){ //编译错误    
        return null;    
    }    
}

public class Test<T> {    

    public static <T> T show(T one){ //这是正确的    
        return null;    
    }    
}

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface MyMethodAnnotation {

    public String title() default "";

    public String description() default "";

}

public class TestMethodAnnotation {

    @Override
    @MyMethodAnnotation(title = "toStringMethod", description = "override toString method")
    public String toString() {
        return "Override toString method";
    }

    @Deprecated
    @MyMethodAnnotation(title = "old static method", description = "deprecated old static method")
    public static void oldMethod() {
        System.out.println("old method, don't use it.");
    }

    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "deprecation"})
    @MyMethodAnnotation(title = "test method", description = "suppress warning static method")
    public static void genericsTest() throws FileNotFoundException {
        List l = new ArrayList();
        l.add("abc");
        oldMethod();
    }
}

Method[] methods = TestMethodAnnotation.class.getClassLoader()
        .loadClass(("com.pdai.java.annotation.TestMethodAnnotation"))
        .getMethods();

for (Method method : methods) {
    // 方法上是否有MyMethodAnnotation注解
    if (method.isAnnotationPresent(MyMethodAnnotation.class)) {
        try {
            // 获取并遍历方法上的所有注解
            for (Annotation anno : method.getDeclaredAnnotations()) {
                System.out.println("Annotation in Method '"
                        + method + "' : " + anno);
            }

            // 获取MyMethodAnnotation对象信息
            MyMethodAnnotation methodAnno = method
                    .getAnnotation(MyMethodAnnotation.class);

            System.out.println(methodAnno.title());

        } catch (Throwable ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

// 自定义ElementType.TYPE_PARAMETER注解
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.TYPE_PARAMETER)
public @interface MyNotEmpty {
}

// 自定义ElementType.TYPE_USE注解
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.TYPE_USE)
public @interface MyNotNull {
}

// 测试类
public class TypeParameterAndTypeUseAnnotation<@MyNotEmpty T>{

  //使用TYPE_PARAMETER类型，会编译不通过
//		public @MyNotEmpty T test(@MyNotEmpty T a){
//			new ArrayList<@MyNotEmpty String>();
//				return a;
//		}

  //使用TYPE_USE类型，编译通过
  public @MyNotNull T test2(@MyNotNull T a){
    new ArrayList<@MyNotNull String>();
    return a;
  }
}

public static void simpleTryCatch() {
   try {
       testNPE();
   } catch (Exception e) {
       e.printStackTrace();
   }
}

//javap -c Main
 public static void simpleTryCatch();
    Code:
       0: invokestatic  #3                  // Method testNPE:()V
       3: goto          11
       6: astore_0
       7: aload_0
       8: invokevirtual #5                  // Method java/lang/Exception.printStackTrace:()V
      11: return
    Exception table:
       from    to  target type
           0     3     6   Class java/lang/Exception

public static void simpleTryCatchFinally() {
   try {
       testNPE();
   } catch (Exception e) {
       e.printStackTrace();
   } finally {
       System.out.println("Finally");
   }
}

public static void simpleTryCatchFinally();
    Code:
       0: invokestatic  #3                  // Method testNPE:()V
       3: getstatic     #6                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
       6: ldc           #7                  // String Finally
       8: invokevirtual #8                  // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
      11: goto          41
      14: astore_0
      15: aload_0
      16: invokevirtual #5                  // Method java/lang/Exception.printStackTrace:()V
      19: getstatic     #6                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
      22: ldc           #7                  // String Finally
      24: invokevirtual #8                  // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
      27: goto          41
      30: astore_1
      31: getstatic     #6                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
      34: ldc           #7                  // String Finally
      36: invokevirtual #8                  // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
      39: aload_1
      40: athrow
      41: return
    Exception table:
       from    to  target type
           0     3    14   Class java/lang/Exception
           0     3    30   any
          14    19    30   any

public static String tryCatchReturn() {
   try {
       testNPE();
       return  "OK";
   } catch (Exception e) {
       return "ERROR";
   } finally {
       System.out.println("tryCatchReturn");
   }
}

public class HelloReflect {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            // 1. 使用外部配置的实现，进行动态加载类
            TempFunctionTest test = (TempFunctionTest)Class.forName("com.tester.HelloReflect").newInstance();
            test.sayHello("call directly");
            // 2. 根据配置的函数名，进行方法调用（不需要通用的接口抽象）
            Object t2 = new TempFunctionTest();
            Method method = t2.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("sayHello", String.class);
            method.invoke(test, "method invoke");
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (InstantiationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e ) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    public void sayHello(String word) {
        System.out.println("hello," + word);
    }

}

@CallerSensitive
public static Class<?> forName(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException {
    // 先通过反射，获取调用进来的类信息，从而获取当前的 classLoader
    Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
    // 调用native方法进行获取class信息
    return forName0(className, true, ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller), caller);
}

public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
    return loadClass(name, false);
}

    // sun.misc.Launcher
    public Class<?> loadClass(String var1, boolean var2) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        int var3 = var1.lastIndexOf(46);
        if(var3 != -1) {
            SecurityManager var4 = System.getSecurityManager();
            if(var4 != null) {
                var4.checkPackageAccess(var1.substring(0, var3));
            }
        }

        if(this.ucp.knownToNotExist(var1)) {
            Class var5 = this.findLoadedClass(var1);
            if(var5 != null) {
                if(var2) {
                    this.resolveClass(var5);
                }

                return var5;
            } else {
                throw new ClassNotFoundException(var1);
            }
        } else {
            return super.loadClass(var1, var2);
        }
    }
// java.lang.ClassLoader
protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
    throws ClassNotFoundException
{
    // 先获取锁
    synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
        // First, check if the class has already been loaded
        // 如果已经加载了的话，就不用再加载了
        Class<?> c = findLoadedClass(name);
        if (c == null) {
            long t0 = System.nanoTime();
            try {
                // 双亲委托加载
                if (parent != null) {
                    c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
                } else {
                    c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
                }
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                // ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found
                // from the non-null parent class loader
            }

            // 父类没有加载到时，再自己加载
            if (c == null) {
                // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
                // to find the class.
                long t1 = System.nanoTime();
                c = findClass(name);

                // this is the defining class loader; record the stats
                sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);
                sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
                sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
            }
        }
        if (resolve) {
            resolveClass(c);
        }
        return c;
    }
}

protected Object getClassLoadingLock(String className) {
    Object lock = this;
    if (parallelLockMap != null) {
        // 使用 ConcurrentHashMap来保存锁
        Object newLock = new Object();
        lock = parallelLockMap.putIfAbsent(className, newLock);
        if (lock == null) {
            lock = newLock;
        }
    }
    return lock;
}

protected final Class<?> findLoadedClass(String name) {
    if (!checkName(name))
        return null;
    return findLoadedClass0(name);
}

// 首先肯定是 Class.newInstance
@CallerSensitive
public T newInstance()
    throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException
{
    if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
        checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
    }

    // NOTE: the following code may not be strictly correct under
    // the current Java memory model.

    // Constructor lookup
    // newInstance() 其实相当于调用类的无参构造函数，所以，首先要找到其无参构造器
    if (cachedConstructor == null) {
        if (this == Class.class) {
            // 不允许调用 Class 的 newInstance() 方法
            throw new IllegalAccessException(
                "Can not call newInstance() on the Class for java.lang.Class"
            );
        }
        try {
            // 获取无参构造器
            Class<?>[] empty = {};
            final Constructor<T> c = getConstructor0(empty, Member.DECLARED);
            // Disable accessibility checks on the constructor
            // since we have to do the security check here anyway
            // (the stack depth is wrong for the Constructor's
            // security check to work)
            java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new java.security.PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                    public Void run() {
                            c.setAccessible(true);
                            return null;
                        }
                    });
            cachedConstructor = c;
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
            throw (InstantiationException)
                new InstantiationException(getName()).initCause(e);
        }
    }
    Constructor<T> tmpConstructor = cachedConstructor;
    // Security check (same as in java.lang.reflect.Constructor)
    int modifiers = tmpConstructor.getModifiers();
    if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(this, modifiers)) {
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        if (newInstanceCallerCache != caller) {
            Reflection.ensureMemberAccess(caller, this, null, modifiers);
            newInstanceCallerCache = caller;
        }
    }
    // Run constructor
    try {
        // 调用无参构造器
        return tmpConstructor.newInstance((Object[])null);
    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
        Unsafe.getUnsafe().throwException(e.getTargetException());
        // Not reached
        return null;
    }
}

private Constructor<T> getConstructor0(Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
                                    int which) throws NoSuchMethodException
{
    // 获取所有构造器
    Constructor<T>[] constructors = privateGetDeclaredConstructors((which == Member.PUBLIC));
    for (Constructor<T> constructor : constructors) {
        if (arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes,
                            constructor.getParameterTypes())) {
            return getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(constructor);
        }
    }
    throw new NoSuchMethodException(getName() + ".<init>" + argumentTypesToString(parameterTypes));
}

// 获取当前类所有的构造方法，通过jvm或者缓存
// Returns an array of "root" constructors. These Constructor
// objects must NOT be propagated to the outside world, but must
// instead be copied via ReflectionFactory.copyConstructor.
private Constructor<T>[] privateGetDeclaredConstructors(boolean publicOnly) {
    checkInitted();
    Constructor<T>[] res;
    // 调用 reflectionData(), 获取保存的信息，使用软引用保存，从而使内存不够可以回收
    ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
    if (rd != null) {
        res = publicOnly ? rd.publicConstructors : rd.declaredConstructors;
        // 存在缓存，则直接返回
        if (res != null) return res;
    }
    // No cached value available; request value from VM
    if (isInterface()) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Constructor<T>[] temporaryRes = (Constructor<T>[]) new Constructor<?>[0];
        res = temporaryRes;
    } else {
        // 使用native方法从jvm获取构造器
        res = getDeclaredConstructors0(publicOnly);
    }
    if (rd != null) {
        // 最后，将从jvm中读取的内容，存入缓存
        if (publicOnly) {
            rd.publicConstructors = res;
        } else {
            rd.declaredConstructors = res;
        }
    }
    return res;
}

// Lazily create and cache ReflectionData
private ReflectionData<T> reflectionData() {
    SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> reflectionData = this.reflectionData;
    int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
    ReflectionData<T> rd;
    if (useCaches &&
        reflectionData != null &&
        (rd = reflectionData.get()) != null &&
        rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
        return rd;
    }
    // else no SoftReference or cleared SoftReference or stale ReflectionData
    // -> create and replace new instance
    return newReflectionData(reflectionData, classRedefinedCount);
}

// 新创建缓存，保存反射信息
private ReflectionData<T> newReflectionData(SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> oldReflectionData,
                                            int classRedefinedCount) {
    if (!useCaches) return null;

    // 使用cas保证更新的线程安全性，所以反射是保证线程安全的
    while (true) {
        ReflectionData<T> rd = new ReflectionData<>(classRedefinedCount);
        // try to CAS it...
        if (Atomic.casReflectionData(this, oldReflectionData, new SoftReference<>(rd))) {
            return rd;
        }
        // 先使用CAS更新，如果更新成功，则立即返回，否则测查当前已被其他线程更新的情况，如果和自己想要更新的状态一致，则也算是成功了
        oldReflectionData = this.reflectionData;
        classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
        if (oldReflectionData != null &&
            (rd = oldReflectionData.get()) != null &&
            rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
            return rd;
        }
    }
}

// reflection data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
private static class ReflectionData<T> {
    volatile Field[] declaredFields;
    volatile Field[] publicFields;
    volatile Method[] declaredMethods;
    volatile Method[] publicMethods;
    volatile Constructor<T>[] declaredConstructors;
    volatile Constructor<T>[] publicConstructors;
    // Intermediate results for getFields and getMethods
    volatile Field[] declaredPublicFields;
    volatile Method[] declaredPublicMethods;
    volatile Class<?>[] interfaces;

    // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this ReflectionData instance
    final int redefinedCount;

    ReflectionData(int redefinedCount) {
        this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
    }
}

private static boolean arrayContentsEq(Object[] a1, Object[] a2) {
    if (a1 == null) {
        return a2 == null || a2.length == 0;
    }

    if (a2 == null) {
        return a1.length == 0;
    }

    if (a1.length != a2.length) {
        return false;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++) {
        if (a1[i] != a2[i]) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
}
// sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory
/** Makes a copy of the passed constructor. The returned
    constructor is a "child" of the passed one; see the comments
    in Constructor.java for details. */
public <T> Constructor<T> copyConstructor(Constructor<T> arg) {
    return langReflectAccess().copyConstructor(arg);
}

// java.lang.reflect.Constructor, copy 其实就是新new一个 Constructor 出来
Constructor<T> copy() {
    // This routine enables sharing of ConstructorAccessor objects
    // among Constructor objects which refer to the same underlying
    // method in the VM. (All of this contortion is only necessary
    // because of the "accessibility" bit in AccessibleObject,
    // which implicitly requires that new java.lang.reflect
    // objects be fabricated for each reflective call on Class
    // objects.)
    if (this.root != null)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can not copy a non-root Constructor");

    Constructor<T> res = new Constructor<>(clazz,
                                           parameterTypes,
                                           exceptionTypes, modifiers, slot,
                                           signature,
                                           annotations,
                                           parameterAnnotations);
    // root 指向当前 constructor
    res.root = this;
    // Might as well eagerly propagate this if already present
    res.constructorAccessor = constructorAccessor;
    return res;
}

// return tmpConstructor.newInstance((Object[])null); 
// java.lang.reflect.Constructor
@CallerSensitive
public T newInstance(Object ... initargs)
    throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException,
           IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
{
    if (!override) {
        if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(clazz, modifiers)) {
            Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
            checkAccess(caller, clazz, null, modifiers);
        }
    }
    if ((clazz.getModifiers() & Modifier.ENUM) != 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot reflectively create enum objects");
    ConstructorAccessor ca = constructorAccessor;   // read volatile
    if (ca == null) {
        ca = acquireConstructorAccessor();
    }
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    T inst = (T) ca.newInstance(initargs);
    return inst;
}
// sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl
public Object newInstance(Object[] args)
  throws InstantiationException,
         IllegalArgumentException,
         InvocationTargetException
{
    return delegate.newInstance(args);
}
// sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl
public Object newInstance(Object[] args)
    throws InstantiationException,
           IllegalArgumentException,
           InvocationTargetException
{
    // We can't inflate a constructor belonging to a vm-anonymous class
    // because that kind of class can't be referred to by name, hence can't
    // be found from the generated bytecode.
    if (++numInvocations > ReflectionFactory.inflationThreshold()
            && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(c.getDeclaringClass())) {
        ConstructorAccessorImpl acc = (ConstructorAccessorImpl)
            new MethodAccessorGenerator().
                generateConstructor(c.getDeclaringClass(),
                                    c.getParameterTypes(),
                                    c.getExceptionTypes(),
                                    c.getModifiers());
        parent.setDelegate(acc);
    }

    // 调用native方法，进行调用 constructor
    return newInstance0(c, args);
}

// java.lang.Class
@CallerSensitive
public Method getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
    throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    Method method = searchMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(false), name, parameterTypes);
    if (method == null) {
        throw new NoSuchMethodException(getName() + "." + name + argumentTypesToString(parameterTypes));
    }
    return method;
}

// Returns an array of "root" methods. These Method objects must NOT
// be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
// via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
private Method[] privateGetDeclaredMethods(boolean publicOnly) {
    checkInitted();
    Method[] res;
    ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
    if (rd != null) {
        res = publicOnly ? rd.declaredPublicMethods : rd.declaredMethods;
        if (res != null) return res;
    }
    // No cached value available; request value from VM
    res = Reflection.filterMethods(this, getDeclaredMethods0(publicOnly));
    if (rd != null) {
        if (publicOnly) {
            rd.declaredPublicMethods = res;
        } else {
            rd.declaredMethods = res;
        }
    }
    return res;
}

// sun.misc.Reflection
public static Method[] filterMethods(Class<?> containingClass, Method[] methods) {
    if (methodFilterMap == null) {
        // Bootstrapping
        return methods;
    }
    return (Method[])filter(methods, methodFilterMap.get(containingClass));
}
// 可以过滤指定的方法，一般为空，如果要指定过滤，可以调用 registerMethodsToFilter(), 或者...
private static Member[] filter(Member[] members, String[] filteredNames) {
    if ((filteredNames == null) || (members.length == 0)) {
        return members;
    }
    int numNewMembers = 0;
    for (Member member : members) {
        boolean shouldSkip = false;
        for (String filteredName : filteredNames) {
            if (member.getName() == filteredName) {
                shouldSkip = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (!shouldSkip) {
            ++numNewMembers;
        }
    }
    Member[] newMembers =
        (Member[])Array.newInstance(members[0].getClass(), numNewMembers);
    int destIdx = 0;
    for (Member member : members) {
        boolean shouldSkip = false;
        for (String filteredName : filteredNames) {
            if (member.getName() == filteredName) {
                shouldSkip = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (!shouldSkip) {
            newMembers[destIdx++] = member;
        }
    }
    return newMembers;
}

private static Method searchMethods(Method[] methods,
                                    String name,
                                    Class<?>[] parameterTypes)
{
    Method res = null;
    // 使用常量池，避免重复创建String
    String internedName = name.intern();
    for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
        Method m = methods[i];
        if (m.getName() == internedName
            && arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes, m.getParameterTypes())
            && (res == null
                || res.getReturnType().isAssignableFrom(m.getReturnType())))
            res = m;
    }

    return (res == null ? res : getReflectionFactory().copyMethod(res));
}